星期三, 五月 04, 2005

日渐分裂的美洲

美洲国家组织2日举行第六轮秘书长选举,由于此前墨西哥外长德韦斯为“避免地区分裂”自愿退出竞选,智利内政部长顺利当选新一任该组织秘书长。

本届美洲国家组织秘书长选举可谓颇费周折。在410日的投票中,中北美支持的候选人德韦斯,与南美和加勒比地区支持的因苏尔萨经过五轮投票各得17票打成平局,选举委员会最终决定进行第六轮选举,如果依然出现平局,委员会将考虑提名第三位候选人。

此 前不久,美国鼎力支持的萨尔瓦多前总统弗洛雷斯因得票太少退出竞选,随后美国转向支持墨西哥外长德韦斯,并派遣赖斯出访南美试图在秘书长人选问题上向南美 国家施压,最终巴西、阿根廷等南美国家拒绝做出让步。正在此时,德韦斯遇到来自国内的压力,墨国会认为,选举中造成的地区对立将有损墨西哥独立自主的外交 政策,因此要求德韦斯立即退出竞选;另一方面,美国在推行美洲自由贸易区问题上已经和南美国家形成僵局,又不愿进一步加深彼此间芥蒂,两个因素最终导致德 韦斯提前退出竞选,从而使智利的因苏尔萨成为唯一的候选人并顺利当选。

由美国支持的秘书长人选未能当选,这在美洲国家组织57年历史上是首次。此间分析家认为:“这说明华盛顿正在丧失对美洲、至少是南美洲的影响力,一个‘去美国化’的美洲正在形成。”

过去很长一段时期,美洲国 家组织主要由美国操纵,因此所谓的民主选举也只留于形式,历史上凡是美国提名或支持的秘书长人选几乎都会以高票当选,近年来美国忙于反恐和中东事务,疏于 对拉美的控制,再加上以巴西为代表的南共市国家的崛起,南北美间的利益分歧日益明显,这一点从两名候选人的支持者阵营可以看出,如德韦斯的支持者主要是美 国和其它中北美亲美国家,如加拿大、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、宏都拉斯、巴拿马,以及与智利存在领土争端的玻利维亚;而因苏尔萨的支持者则是巴西、阿根廷、委 内瑞拉、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔等南共市、安共体国家,以及多数加勒比国家。

五轮选举,双方各不让步,最终导致僵局,与其说是这是一场两名候选人的竞争,不如说是两个子地区间的较量,那么究竟是什么导致了“美洲的分裂”呢?

首 先,冷战结束后,拉美在美国的全球战略地位下降,特别是布什上台以后,美国政府因忙于反恐和中东事务而无暇南顾;与此同时,拉美长期实行的新自由主义经济 政策正在产生严重的社会后果,极度贫困和大规模失业已成为多数拉美国家的普遍现象,而一向视拉美为自己“后院”的美国却在此时大幅削减经济援助,特别是在 阿根廷和巴西金融危机期间,美国更是作壁上观,其信誉度大幅下降。在这种背景下,巴西、阿根廷、智利、委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔等南美国家选民逐渐失去了对亲美 右翼政府的信任,转为支持相对保持经济和政治独立的左翼政府,这种偏左政治生态的形成,势必将形成一股制衡美国的力量,正如阿根廷总统基什内尔所说,与90年代梅内姆实施的与美国自动结盟的政策相反,“我们将与美国保持成熟、负责、严肃,但不是‘肉体’的关系”。

其 次,美国向南推行其美洲自由贸易区的经济主张正在美洲产生深远的政治影响。经济关系决定政治关系,墨西哥作为北美自由贸易区成员,已经成为美国天然的盟 友,今年中美洲与美国自由贸易协定极有可能达成,自然会站在美国一边,而美国正在以这种“步步为营”的方式向南推进美洲自由贸易区,一方面利用南美洲庞大 的市场为本国经济增长提供动力,另一方面通过经济加强对拉美的控制;与此同时,巴西、阿根廷、巴拉圭和乌拉圭等南共市国家在农产品补贴、农产品市场准入、 投资和知识产权保护等问题上与美国存在严重分歧,致使原定于20051月达成的美洲自由贸易协定被无限期延迟,另一方面,这些对美洲自由贸易存相同立场的国家却越走越近,一种建立在南共市和安共体基础上、并且有可能替代美洲自由贸易区的“南美共同体”正在形成,因此,从某种程度上说,美国的美洲自由贸易政策间接推进了这一整合。

再次,共同的政治经历和经济处境使南美地区一体化进程不断加快,美洲大陆南南合作趋势不断加强。2004年应该是拉美地区一体化的丰收年:古巴和委内瑞拉签订了一体化条约,确立了两国全面战略合作关系;安第斯共同体同意接纳智利为联系国,南共市北扩计划成功,相继接纳哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和委内瑞拉为联系国,此外还与安共体正式签署自由贸易协定;去年128日,第三届南美洲国家首脑会议的12个成员国宣布成立南美国家共同体,它的建立无疑是“南美地区一体化进程中具有历史意义的里程碑事件”。

在地区一体化及成员国经济增长带动下,拉美国家之间的贸易有很大增长。据拉美一体化协会统计,2004年该成员国之间的贸易额比上年增长40%,成员国之间的贸易额达610亿美元,创该协会成立24年来的最高纪录。此外,在防务领域,南方国家间的安全合作也不断加强,美国主导的反恐战略已经失去说服力,这一点从去年12月在厄瓜多尔举行的美洲国防部长会议上已经得到充分证明。(完)

9 评论:

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